What is Appendectomy?

Appendectomy is a surgical procedure used for the removal of the appendix. This is commonly a procedure performed in emergency situations, the diagnosis being of acute appendicitis. There are two main approaches when it comes to appendectomy, open operation and the laparoscopy. The laparoscopic procedure is minimally invasive and it guarantees a faster recovery but it is also more expensive than the open surgery. It requires more resources to be spent and it takes longer than the classical open approach; plus, there is the low risk of the patient suffering from pneumoperitoneum, as a direct consequence of the CO2 inflated into the abdomen.

The appendix is a small organ that is located in the lateral side of the final part of the large intestine. Because of unknown reasons (excessive physical effort, bad moves and certain foods have been suspected causes), this small organ can become swollen and infection. The moment this occurs, there is no other treatment than surgical removal. Delaying the surgery can result in a perforated abdomen; when such things happens and the appendix bursts into the abdomen, the whole area can become infected and the condition, known as peritonitis, can be life-threatening. The surgery is performed under general or spinal anesthesia and, in case of peritonitis, it also involves the washing of the abdominal cavity.

Appendectomy Procedure

The open surgical removal of the appendix is performed as it follows:

• Before the open surgery, antibiotics are administered to the patient in order to prevent infections
• The open surgical removal of the appendix is performed under general anesthesia
• The abdomen is prepped and examined
• If there is a noticeable bulge, then the incision will be made in that area
• If there is no bulge, then the incision will be made on McBurney’s point (this is actually related to the position of the appendix, this point being situated on the line that the navel forms with the anterior superior iliac spine)
• The abdominal wall is opened as delicately as possible so as to preserve its integrity
• The surgeon will enter the peritoneum and identify the inflamed appendix and then he will cut it, burying the stump and closing the incision area with staples or stitches
• A dressing will be applied to the wound and a small drainage tube might also be placed for the excessive fluid accumulating in the area.

The laparoscopic procedure is performed as it follows:

• The surgeon will most likely choose to make multiple incisions in the abdomen
• Through one of the incisions, the surgeon will insert a miniature camera that also has a source of light
• Using remote controls, the surgeon will control the camera, the vacuum pump, the saline cleansing solution and the surgical tools
• CO2 will be pumped into the patient’s abdomen, allowing the surgeon to better visualize the appendix
• The appendix will be removed using the small surgical tools and there will be no need for larger cuts to be made
• The small incisions are going to be closed and dressing will be applied on them as well.

Cost of Appendectomy

The cost of the appendectomy depends on the geographical location, the facility in which the operation is performed and also on the actual surgeon performing the operation. When considering the overall costs, you will have to think about the costs generated by anesthesia, the facility fees and the fee of the surgeon and other medical staff. There is a clear difference of price between the open and the laparoscopic procedure, the latter being more expensive. On average, the cost of appendectomy can vary somewhere between $10.000 and $30.000.

Depending on the technology used for the laparoscopic procedure, you might also have to pay more in case robotics or hand assisted devices are used. The costs of this procedure might also increase if there are complications from the surgery and additional care measures need to be taken. It is for the best to consult your insurance policy and be prepared in case such problems arise; this is usually a medical emergency and you won’t have sufficient time in order to check in that moment whether you are covered or not. It is for the best that you know that information just in case.

Complications

These are the most common complications of appendectomy:

• Infection at the site of the operation and perforation or rupture
• Abscess formation
• Lack of intestinal peristalsis (rare)
• Organ injury (during the surgery)
• Bowel necrosis
• Peritonitis (leakage of infection into the abdominal cavity)
• Bowel obstruction
• Severe infection (sepsis)
• Cardiovascular complications (myocardial infarction)
• Pulmonary complications (pneumonia, pulmonary embolism)
• Acute inflammation of the residual appendix (stump)

Recovery time

Immediately after the surgery, you will be taken to the recovery room for observation. The recovery time depends on the type of procedure (open or laparoscopic) and also on the body’s reaction to the procedure and the anesthesia. Once the vitals are stable, you will be taken to the hospital room. Because the laparoscopic procedure is often an outpatient procedure, most patients are allowed to go home in a few hours. Pain medication will be administered in order to alleviate the normal post-operative symptoms.

If you have undergone an open procedure, then it is highly likely that a tube is going to be inserted through your nose into your stomach. This happens until the normal functioning of the bowels is restored, having as purpose the removal of gastric secretions and air from the stomach. While you have that tube inserted, you are not allowed to drink or eat. Laparoscope-operated patients are encouraged to get out of bed a few hours after the surgery but, if you have had open surgery, then you might get out of bed the next day. Initially, you will only be allowed liquids and solid foods will be gradually introduced into the diet. At home, in a couple of weeks you will start to feel better but the entire healing process will be complete in a couple of months.

After care

The most important thing when you arrive at home is to keep the site of the incision clear and dry, avoiding potential sources of infection. You will have to follow specific bathing instructions and you will have to softly pat dry the incision with a towel, without excessive rubbing. If the incision was closed with stitches or staples, then you will have to re-visit the doctor and have them removed. On the other hand, if adhesive strips were used to close the incision, then you need to keep the area dry and leave them to fall on their own in a couple of days.

The doctor might prescribe postoperative antibiotics to prevent possible infections and also anti-inflammatory medication for upsetting symptoms. However, you should avoid taking aspirin, as this medication increases the chances for bleeding. Patients are encouraged to walk and even make certain limited movements but activities that require a lot of physical effort (including heavy lifting or carrying heavy objects) are strictly forbidden during the recovery period. The incision might rupture and you will have to undergo a second operation to close the incision. Also, you need to visit the doctor in case of persistent fever, pain or lack of bowel movement after several days.

What to eat after appendectomy?

The post-appendectomy diet should include:

• Liquids in the initial period after the surgery, as you will most likely experience a lot of nausea and vomiting from the anesthesia. Natural fruit juices and clear broth are recommended during this period.
• Soft diet – this is most recommended during the recovery period, as it will not put too much strain on your bowels. During this period, you are recommended to avoid foods that are too spicy or too greasy, as these might irritate the bowels.
• High fiber foods – include them gradually into your diet, as they will help stabilize the intestinal transit and avoid problems such as diarrhea. Among the recommendations for high fiber foods, you will find whole grains, not to mention various types of dried fruits and fresh raspberries.
• Avoid alcohol, caffeine based drinks, canned foods, meat that has a high fat content, pastries and cookies made using refined sugars, foods that can cause bloating (beans, broccoli, cabbage), oil and butter.
• Make sure that you include plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables in your diet and drink plenty of water to keep the body hydrated.

Video

Watch this video to get an idea of how the Appendectomy surgery is done:

What is a Branchial cleft cyst?

This is a birth defect that appears as a lump below your collarbone on the sides of your neck. It is also known as a cleft sinus, which are open spaces on both or just one side of your neck. It forms during the development of the embryo. There are two types of branchial cleft cysts which are:

• Primary – this type appears in front of the visible portion of the external ear and is not painful to the touch.
• Secondary – this type appears on the anterior muscle of the muscle in your neck that go from the collarbones and breastbone to the side of your skull just behind the ear. This type can be painful especially when it is infected.

Symptoms

In many cases there are no symptoms and will just appear as a pit, skin tag, or small lump. If it is a pit the fluid from your sinuses may drain from it. Sometimes the cyst can become tender to the touch. Other times it could become enlarged and inflamed. It could even become abscessed if you are suffering from an upper respiratory infection. If you have a large lump you could have difficulty in breathing and swallowing and may be a little hoarse.

Causes

Branchial cleft cyst develops when the tissues in the collarbone area and the neck fail to normally develop. It can also form from the fluid that is drained from your sinuses. When the cyst forms there is usually a lesion that is formed that is similar to the slits that are found in fish gills. Even though the cysts form during the embryonic stage it may not be noticeable until the child reaches early adulthood.

Treatment

If the sinuses or cyst becomes infected the physician will prescribe antibiotics to clear up the infection. If there are no symptoms of branchial cleft cyst the otolaryngologist will keep you under observation for ten to twelve days so they can collect sufficient data about the mass in your neck. If surgery is not sufficient then they may use another form of treatment called sclerotherapy. It is a treatment that is commonly used to treat varicose veins. When it is used for a branchial cleft cyst they will drain the fluid from the cyst and then they inject medication called a sclerosing agent. Using this procedure, according to research done, in nearly half of the cases the cyst will completely disappear.

Surgery

If you require surgery it is done to prevent any complications that the branchial cleft cyst might cause. It will also be removed surgically if you have repeat infections. In order to have the surgery the infection must be cleared up first. Also, surgery is not recommended for children under the age of three months.

Pictures

Photos, Images and Pictures of branchial cleft cyst…

What is Pruritus?

Pruritus is an unpleasant sensation that provokes a reflex or desire to scratch to relieve the undesirable sensation. It is commonly referred to as “itch” and is experienced by the general population.

Pruritus is experienced by anyone regardless of gender and age affecting both children and adults and even newborn infants. The irritating sensation can be localized or it can be generalized, depending also on the cause of the itchiness. Pruritus can result to an unpleasant sensation or irritation to the skin although it is generally not a serious condition nor associated with any mortality.

Pruritus originates in either of the two mechanisms known as the “peripheral mechanism and central mechanism”.

Peripheral mechanism begins in the skin and is stimulated by physical stimuli and neural pathways. Mechanical stimuli such as pressure, gentle touch and texture of cloth and other surfaces can instigate this undesirable sensation. Thermal and electrical stimuli are also included in the peripheral mechanism. Chemical mediators such as histamine and other chemical substances are also considered to trigger pruritus.

Central mechanism originates from the central nervous system which may or may not result from damages in the nervous system.

In psychiatric problems, pruritus is also being associated and is often considered as among the symptoms.

Pruritus Symptoms

Pruritus Pictures

Pruritus is the medical term for itch and is defined as an irritating and undesirable sensation that provokes an individual to scratch in order to relieve the itch. The symptom is the itchiness itself while various symptoms can be associated depending on the underlying condition, diseases or disorders.

Common symptoms that may be associated with pruritus include the following:

• Formation of blisters
• Burning sensation
• Swelling and inflammation
• Drying and scaling of the skin
• Crusting and cracking of the skin
• Pain may also be experienced
• Secretions from the lesions, pustules and sores

Pruritus may also occur with other conditions that affect the whole body system and such symptoms may include the following:

• Nausea which may or may not have vomiting
• Development of hives or rash
• Sneezing and runny nose
• Swelling and inflammation
• Dry mouth
• Cramping and abdominal pain

Although generally not a serious or life-threatening condition, pruritus may be an associated symptom of a serious or life-threatening condition and the symptoms may include the following:

• Rapid swelling of the face and tongue
• Tachycardia or the rapid heart rate
• Difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath
• Loss of consciousness
• Confusion or lethargy

Pruritus Causes

The cause of pruritus is varied and numerous and is classified accordingly.

Localized pruritus

Localized pruritus is pruritus that is confined to a limited area only. Localized pruritus is often neuropathic and occurs in association with a primary rash such as dermatitis. The neuropathic onset is often the result of a compression of the nerves of the skin or a degeneration extending towards the spine or from the spine. Although limited to a particular part of the body only, incessant scratching of pruritus may result in the development of prurigo and lichen simplex. Other causes of localized pruritus may include the following:

• Head lice
• Seborrheic dermatitis
• Lichen sclerosus
• Pompholyx
• Tinea pedis
• Vulvovaginal candida
• Trigeminal trophic syndrome
• Pruritus vulvae
• Pruritus ani

Systemic pruritus

Systemic pruritus is the result of systemic disease often occurring as part of the manifestation of the primary disease itself. The causes of pruritus may include the following:

• Hyperthyroidism
• Diabetes
• Chronic renal failure
• Iron deficiency anemia
• Lymphatic leukemia

Skin diseases are also implicated in the cause of pruritus and are part of the symptoms of the disease process. Skin diseases that can cause pruritus include the following:

• Psoriasis
• Folliculitis
• Urticaria
• Atopic dermatitis
• Scabies
• Dry skin
• Allergic contact dermatitis

Hormonal pruritus is found in pregnant women and prior to the onset of menstrual period. Pruritus is also part of the symptoms of menopause.

Exposure to external factors commonly triggers the onset of pruritus. Insect bites and infestation can result to pruritus often as an allergic reaction to certain chemicals emitted by the insect that bites. Reaction to certain medication is also considered in the exposure to external factors that can cause the pruritus. Pruritus resulting from medication is often the adverse reaction of an individual from a certain medicine that usually occurs immediately after the medicine is taken in. Medicines such as opioids and aspirin can cause pruritus to some people. Allergens and other irritants also trigger pruritus. Irritants such as from the plants poison ivy and oak are known to cause pruritus immediately after contact with these plants. In allergens, people often experience pruritus upon exposure or contact with perfumes, detergent soaps, and certain cloth such as wool including also exposure to dyes and chemicals.

Pruritus Treatment

Pruritus is generally not life-threatening and permanent condition that can debilitate a person. Treatment is often not necessary although incessant scratching is not advisable as this can lead to further problems or complication.

The treatment of pruritus initially starts with the identification of the cause or the underlying condition that triggered the onset of the undesirable sensation. Relief of itchiness is the aim of treatment of localized pruritus. Systemic pruritus is prescribed with relief of symptoms while the main condition or the underlying condition is primarily treated.

Treatment often includes application of emollients, calamine lotion, and menthol or camphor lotion and topical corticosteroid in mild dosage. Oral medication may also be given such as antihistamine, thalidomide, opioid antagonist and doxepin.

Pruritus in Pregnancy

Pruritus is considered a leading dermatological symptom during the process of pregnancy. It is a normal occurrence among pregnant women even without the presence of any dermatological cause or condition. Itchiness is usually felt around the growing belly and breast which are often related to the stretching of the skin to accommodate the growing fetus and the activity of the mammary gland in producing milk.

Hormonal changes are also considered to be the cause of pruritus in pregnancy. The increase in the levels of estrogen often leads to itchiness and redness of the palm of the hands and sole of the feet of pregnant women. Pruritus however, resolves after the expulsion of pregnancy or delivery. Pruritus is also believed to be the result of bile pooling in the gallbladder and liver.

Your kidneys have been given the task of filtering your blood which in turn produces urine that is made of waste matter and water that was separated from your blood when it was filtered by your kidneys. The compounds of your urine are uric acid, calcium, carbon, and nitrogen. Because your urine is considered a solution all of these other compounds of your bloods are also liquid but they can form crystals in your in your urine for a variety of reasons. It can happen to anyone regardless of age, gender, or race.

Crystals in Urine Symptoms

The most common symptom of having crystals in urine is the change in the color of your urine. Normally when you urinate the urine is a light yellow color but if you have crystals in your urine that color is not seen and the urine may also have a cloudy look to it. At other times there may no particular symptoms that could indicate that you have crystals in urine. The best rule of thumb to follow is if you notice any change in your urine, whether it is texture or color, you need to see your physician for a urinalysis test to see if there are crystals in your urine.

Causes of Crystals in Urine

If it is found that you have a lot of crystals in urine it could indicate that there is something wrong in your urinary system which includes your bladder, ureters, kidneys, or urethra. Some of the other causes can include:

Urine pH changes

If the pH value of your urine is not within the normal range it could indicate that you are likely to form crystals. The pH scale also will determine if the urine is alkaline or acidic. If the pH value is less than seven your urine is acidic and above seven it is considered alkaline. If there are calcium oxalate crystals is found in your urine it can indicate that your urine has a strong acidic nature. If there is calcium phosphate crystals found in your urine it generally means that your urine is alkaline.

Being dehydrated

When your body is dehydrated it will allow a few of the compounds found in your urine to solidify and can result in crystals forming in your urine. If your body is deprived of enough water or other fluids concentrations of certain compounds like uric acid can drastically increase which can result in the development of uric acid crystals being found in your urine. It has been shown in studies that if infants start to pee crystals it can be because they are dehydrated.

A urinary tract infection

The reason that many people find crystals in urine when they have a urinary tract infection is because the bacteria that is causing this infection is increasing the pH value of your urine. This will make your urine alkaline. When a person has a change in their pH values this can promote the formation of crystals.

Urolithiasis

This is the medical term for bladder stones and can happen if you are urinating crystals for a long period of time. Many people do not show any symptoms for this medical condition because the stones are such a small size. These stones are made of hardened crystalline material. If a large crystal becomes trapped in your bladder you could have consistent pain in your abdominal area.

Diet

If you eat a diet that consists of a large amount of protein it could lead to crystals in urine. This is because a large amount of protein can increase the uric acid and calcium content in your urine and can cause a change in the concentration of your urine. It will ultimately lead to urine crystals developing. If you eat too many foods that are rich in protein every day it can also increase the acidity of your urine.

Crystals in Urine Treatment

The one thing that you can do at home to help prevent the formation of crystals in urine is to drink a lot of water on a daily basis. If you think you may have crystals in urine you need to see your physician so they can do a urinalysis to determine if you do. If you do have crystals in your urine your physician may have you monitor how much protein you are eating each day. If it is found that your diet is high in protein you should reduce the amount of sardines, anchovies, and organ meat, like liver, that you are eating. You should instead start eating ham, lentils, beans, chicken, beef, and salmon.

You should also start to eat foods that are oxalate rich such as coffee, chocolate, spinach, sweet potatoes, and peanuts to increase the acidity in your urine and manage the right pH value of your urine. You should also reduce the amount of salty foods you eat such as fried items. Chips, pickles, and fast food because these are the foods that can make your urine more acidic by increase the calcium content in your urine.

If you have a urinary tract infection your physician will prescribe an antibiotic to get rid of the bacteria causing the infections. You should also not try to hold your urine for a long period of time but go when you have the urge to go.

What is Serum Sickness?

Serum sickness is also known as Type III hypersensitivity reaction and is described as a hypersensitive response to non-human proteins and foreign proteins from a certain medication and antiserum. The inflammatory response of the body is the result of the activation of the immune system when it erroneously recognized the antiserum as a foreign protein which should be warded off from the body.

Serum sickness is analogous to an allergic reaction. It usually develops within 7 days to 10 days following initial exposure to foreign proteins. It is characterized by the triad of fever, joint pain or swelling and skin rash.

Serum sickness is a self-limiting condition that normally resolves within several days. The prognosis is relatively good except in cases where the internal organs are involved. Serum sickness can occur to anyone especially those who are undergoing treatment with anti-serum. It can equally affect both men and women and can occur to people from all over the world. Serum sickness is also associated with mortality although this seldom happens. The mortality, if it occurs, is more on the secondary complication that proves to be so severe such as the complication of anaphylaxis, shock and acute renal failure.

The anti-serum is normally used to protect the body from antigens and to counteract the poisons from the bite of snake and other poisonous living creature. The antiserum is also being used to protect the body from infection and other harmful pathogens such as from rabies and tetanus.

Serum sickness was first described in 1906 by an Austrian pediatrician and scientist named Clemens Peter Freihher von Pirquet and American pediatrician named Bela Schick. The disease was first noticed in patients who were given a horse serum or vaccine for smallpox. The hypersensitivity reaction towards the second injection is observed to be more rapid than from the initial injection of the serum. The reaction was characterized by fever, skin rash, joint pain and swelling and lymphadenopathy after the patients were given a shot of horse serum. Similar reactions were also observed afterwards in patients given with antivenin and antitoxins.

The frequency of serum sickness worldwide is decreasing as a result of advanced medical treatment that improved the administration of antiserum or foreign protein in the body. The incidence of serum sickness is now more in relation to the dosage given to the patient. The antigen type also plays a role in the possibility of onset of serum sickness.

Serum Sickness Symptoms

The symptoms of serum sickness often develop within 1 week to 3 weeks following initial administration or exposure with antiserum and other medications. In the case of recurrence or second exposure to antiserum, the symptoms occur faster and usually about 1 day to 3 days after exposure or administration of antiserum.

Serum sickness is characterized by the triad of:

• Onset of fever
• Development of skin rash similar to urticaria
• Joint pain and swelling

Other symptoms may include the following:

• Facial swelling
• Enlargement of the lymph nodes
• Itching
• Malaise
• Wheezing
• Blurry vision
• Gastrointestinal problem
• Nausea
• Headache
• Abdominal cramping

Causes

Serum sickness occurs following injection with antiserum. The protein in the serum is mistakenly identified by the immune system as a foreign particle in the body that should be warded off the body. With the erroneous recognition of antigen as harmful to the body, the immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies to fight off the deemed harmful substance in the body. The antibodies and the antigens then bind together and mount up in the cell layers that line the blood vessels, lymph vessels and other parts of the body. The buildup of antigen and antibodies that bind together causes the inflammation and onset of symptoms of serum sickness.

Antiserum is among the many proteins contained in plasma. It is derived from the plasma of humans and animals and is meant to fight off infective organisms, harmful and poisonous substance in the body. The antiserum in serum sickness is isolated from non-human and when injected into the body is mistakenly recognized by the immune system as a foreign substance. Thus, the immune system in return produces an antibody to fight off the mistakenly recognized as foreign substance causing the antibody to fight off the serum that should have protected the body from infective agents or poisonous substances.

Thymoglobulin is an anti-thymocyte globulin drug derived from the rabbit. This drug use in the treatment of organ transplant rejection is also potential for the development of serum sickness. Rituximab is a drug used for the treatment of immune system ad cancers is also another cause of serum sickness.

There are several drugs that can also be associated with the onset of serum sickness and such drugs are the following:

• Penicillin
• Barbiturates
• Thiazides
• Fluoxetine Prozac
• Cephalosporin
• Sulfonamides
• Griseofulvin
• Phenytoin
• Procainamide
• Streptokinase

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of serum sickness is initially done by obtaining the medical history of the patient including the medications recently taken. This will serve as the baseline for identifying serum sickness in patients.

Blood tests are especially helpful in identifying immune complexes. The immune complexes accumulate in the blood vessels and stimulate the complement cascade that resulted to the inflammation. The blood test will also reveal low level of complement if serum sickness is present.

Serum Sickness Treatment

Serum sickness is a self-limiting condition that normally resolves within a period of several days without treatment. The prognosis is relatively good except in serum sickness with involvement of internal organs.

The primary aim of treatment is in the relief of symptoms. In the treatment of serum sickness, the patient need not be hospitalized except when the patient is immunocompromised or when the patient is at a very young age where the immune system is not fully developed.

The initial treatment of serum sickness is in discontinuation of the offending drugs. The symptoms usually dissipate within 4 to 5 days after the offending drug is discontinued.

The treatment of choice in serum sickness depends on the severity of the symptoms. The drug of choice for the treatment includes corticosteroids, antihistamines and analgesics.

Severe cases of serum sickness are often given with high doses of corticosteroids given intravenously over a period of 3 days.

Plasma exchange can be administered to eliminate the immune complexes including the antibody and the protein.

Serum Sickness Pictures

Photos and Pictures of Serum Sickness….

What is an itchy neck?

This is an irritating sensation that is accompanied by the persistent need to scratch your neck. Scratching your neck can temporarily stop the itching and let it heal but that is not an easy thing to do. It is just instinct that if something itches you scratch it, which will temporarily relieve this symptom. As mentioned, this could be a symptom of something is wrong and that it needs attention or it could just be an irritating itch

Itchy Neck Symptoms

What the symptoms of an itchy neck are varies as to what is the reason for having an itchy neck but there are some general symptoms that can accompany almost any case of itchy neck. Some of these symptoms can include:

• Skin that is flaking
• Skin that has a crust on it
• Rash
• Swelling
• Redness
• Warmth
• Pain
• Tenderness
• Itchiness

Other symptoms that accompany your itchy neck could be ones that just occur with what is causing it such as:

• Chills and/or fever
• Cough
• Headache
• Runny nose
• Sweating
• Sore throat
• Joint pain and stiffness

Itchy Neck Causes

There are so many things that can cause an itchy neck that it is impossible to name them all. When you neck starts to continually itch look at your neck as the appearance may be able to give you a clue as to what is the cause like little bumps, your skin is peeling or cracked, if the itch had started around the back of your ears and around your hairline, etc. You should also think back to see if you remember anything happening such as a insect bite, the change in soap or laundry detergent, wearing different perfume, moisturizer, etc. If you are not sure what is causing the itchiness you should talk to your physician.

Some of the many different causes can include:

Dry skin

This is usually the most common reason to have an itchy neck. This is most often seen during the winter and summer and can lead to the appearance of scales and cracks on your skin resulting from loss of moisture causing the dryness.

Excessive sweating

As the sweat starts to evaporate dirt and salt deposits are left on your skin’s surface. This could make it a great breeding ground for bacteria and pathogens that cause the itchiness because of clogged skin pores.

Prickly heat

During the summer is when you will most likely have this skin condition which can cause itchiness in the folds of your skin. It is triggered by humid weather which causes more sweating.

Inflammation of your skin

This can be caused by a variety of things such as harsh soaps and chemicals, pollen, and pet dander. This type of itching is from contact dermatitis and is normally accompanied by swelling, intense itching, and hives.

Skin disorders

Two of the most common ones are psoriasis and dermatitis which are bacterial infections of your skin. You may also notice the itching also all over your body. They are usually caused because of environmental influences and characterized by itchy lesions, the eruption of scaly skin, and more. If you scratch at the itchiness it can lead secondary bacterial infections.

Infectious diseases

These can include having a yeast infection, pinworm, chickenpox, scabies, measles, or head lice.

• Being exposed to heat or cold that is extreme
• Allergic reactions to a medication
• Pregnancy
• Stress
• Neurodermatitis which is the medical term for extreme itching
• Sunburn
• Insect bites

Itchy Neck Treatment

With most cases of itchy neck you can treat at home but these treatments may not cure the itchy neck. They may only give you relief from the itching. To get rid of what is causing the itchy neck you should talk to your physician to find the cause as you may need a prescription for stronger anti-itch medications, antibiotics, etc.

Some of the treatments that you can use include:

• If you have recently changed soap, shower gel, shampoos, laundry detergent, moisturizers, etc and started it have itchy neck you need to stop using the products and find another one. If you have changed a couple of products at the same time you should stop one product and if that is not the cause, stop the other one. Once you get rid of the irritant the itching should stop.
• Use over-the-counter products like calamine lotion, hydrocortisone creams, anti-itch creams, etc.
• If it is from head lice you will need to get medicated shampoos to get rid of the lice and eggs. If the over-counter-medication does not work you should see your physician for a stronger shampoo.
• Drink plenty of water to keep your skin hydrated and moist
• Use anti-bacterial medications to treat the itching and infection caused by psoriasis and eczema. If these cases are severe your physician may give you a prescription to help control the spread of the rash and itchiness.
• Soak in a warm bath that is mixed with tea tree oil, chamomile oil, jojoba oil, or oatmeal.
• Follow a healthy diet, avoid stress, and long times in the sun.

If these home remedies and over-the-counter medications do not help, see your physician.

Tingling in Right Arm Symptoms

Tingling is an abnormal sensation that can occur in any part of the body although it is most commonly felt in the areas of the fingers, arms, hands, legs, toes and feet. The abnormal sensation may signify an alteration in the circulation or may indicate a problem with the nerve. It may also suggest an underlying condition which may or may not be serious and which is also true in either part of the body that is experiencing the abnormal sensation.

Tingling on one side or either both sides of the body most often suggest an interruption in the circulation and is a common occurrence experienced by the general population. Tingling on one side of the body particularly in the right arm may actually weaken the arm but does not immediately suggest a problem with the brain or with the spinal cord. The occurrence on the other hand could only mean a poor circulation and the onset is often temporary and for a short period of time.

The most common symptom of tingling in the right arm is the abnormal sensation of prickling or pins and needles. The abnormal sensation may be felt in a certain portion of the right arm or it may extend to the entire proximal or the entire length of the right arm. At times, the tingling may also be associated with weakening of the arm. Other symptoms that may be associated with tingling in the right arm also depend on the underlying condition that caused the tingling of the right arm.

The tingling in right arm caused by a nutritional deficiency for example can also cause a person to experience hair loss, dry eyes, swelling and other symptoms of nutritional deficiency.

Tingling in the right arm and even in any part of the body is not a serious medical condition nor does it suggest a serious underlying condition. It is also not a permanent and debilitating condition that treatment is often not necessary. It is not a life threatening condition and often resolves on its own. The experience, however, should be consulted with the doctor if the abnormal sensation is experienced in the entire body in prolonged period and with the onset that often come and goes.

Causes of Tingling in Right Arm

Tingling is often experienced when too much pressure is exerted on a certain part of the body. The tingling sensation in the right hand is commonly experienced when too much pressure is applied such as during sleep, particularly sleeping on the right side of the body.

Tingling in the right arm may be also be caused by several factors and other medical conditions and the problem may be local or systemic. Local problem causing tingling in the right arm pertains to a condition or injury that affects a certain nerve. Trauma or any damages of the nerves in the right arm can cause the tingling exactly at the right arm as well and which is often due to the swelling or interruption in the circulation or nerves. Systemic problem on the other hand is brought by certain condition or underlying condition that affects the nerve supplying the right arm.

Other causes of tingling in the right arm may include the following:

Injury

Injury in the right arm that causes damages to the brachial plexus nerves can cause an individual to experience tingling particularly in the right arm. The injury can be due to fracture or hard blow on the right arm that caused swelling and an interruption in the nerves that supply the right arm. The tingling sensation is also accompanied with other symptoms such as swelling and skin discoloration.

Pinched nerve

Pinched nerve resulting from traumatic incidents and inflammatory condition involving the nerves of the upper limb and the brachial plexus of the right arm can cause the tingling sensation associated with weakening of the right arm.

Carpal tunnel syndrome

It is defined as a compression of the nerve in the wrist. The disorder is characterized by pain and weakness including tingling in the right arm if it involves the right wrist.

Stroke

Stroke involving the part of the brain responsible for the control of the upper limb can cause the affected individual to experience tingling and paralysis. If the left side of the brain and its blood vessels are affected, the right arm may experience tingling together with the other symptoms of stroke.

Nutritional deficiency

Nutritional deficiency defines the lack of essential vitamins and nutrients that the body requires. Tingling in any part of the body particularly the right arm is caused by deficiency in certain minerals and vitamins that the body needs.

Treatment

Tingling in the right arm is not a serious medical condition that requires treatment. Most often than not, tingling resolves on its own or as soon as the normal pressure is attained or when the circulation is brought back to normal. It is not a temporary or life-threatening disease that can cause an alarm to the affected individual. Tingling in the right is a common occurrence experienced by the general population.

Tingling in the right arm caused by an underlying condition is treated according to the exact cause of the abnormal sensation. The treatment is primarily on the underlying condition and not exactly on the tingling sensation in the right arm. Relief usually follows as soon as the primary disease is addressed.

What is Amoxicillin Rash?

This is a medication rash that a person may have it if they have an allergic reaction to amoxicillin. It is a B-lactam antibiotic medication that is used to treat medical conditions like pneumonia, bronchitis, urinary tract infections, and ear infections that are caused by infectious bacteria. Sometimes when taking amoxicillin a person will get a mild rash as a side effect of the medication but that does not mean that they are allergic to it. In some cases having this rash could be a sign of a life-threatening infection. When in doubt talk to your physician and have them evaluate the rash. Although anyone can get an amoxicillin rash it is mostly seen in children. A majority of people who have been diagnosed with Epstein-Barr virus infection will have a non-allergic reaction to amoxicillin. If you have a non-allergic amoxicillin rash it could indicate that there is the presence of infectious mononucleosis.

There are four predominant rashes a person can get that are thought to be caused by amoxicillin, which include:

• Exfoliative rash – This type will affect one part of your body but it does have the potential to spread across other parts of your body also. This is the more serious type of amoxicillin rash.
• Anaphylaxis – this type is due to an adverse reaction of amoxicillin with the prominent symptoms of wheezing and labored breathing. This is considered a severe allergic reaction to amoxicillin and can be life-threatening so you need to seek medical help immediately.
• Purulent – this type is a painful rash and predominantly a cluster of furuncles, which are large infections of a hair follicle.
• Erythematosus – this type will cause skin inflammation which will cause your skin to turn red because of the itching the rash causes. If your skin remains irritated it could cause your skin to look bruised.

Duration

The duration of an amoxicillin rash can be from three to six days.

Amoxicillin Rash Symptoms

When a person starts with an amoxicillin rash it will usually start on your stomach and then cover your back. It can also spread to your lets, face, and arms. Most people will notice the rash seventy-two hours after taking the amoxicillin. The rash will appear as flat small spots which will be either dark pink or red in color. The rash will itchy unless the rash is the cause of a side effect and not an allergic reaction to amoxicillin. Approximately ten percent of children taking amoxicillin will develop an allergic reaction to the medication resulting in an itchy rash which could lead to blisters.

Some of the symptoms a person might have with an amoxicillin rash can include:

• Nausea
• Regurgitation
• Bloody or watery diarrhea
• Heartburn
• Dizziness
• Fever and/or chills
• Body aches
• Headaches

Some may even experience candidiasis which is a yeast infection of your mouth or vulvovaginal yeast infection. A serious side effect would be seizures. The amoxicillin rash could lead to a black or hairy tongue, hives, and swelling in some serious cases. A person may also have a sudden mental stage change.

Causes

The cause of an amoxicillin rash can either be from an allergic reaction to the medication or just a side effect. If you have an insensitive amoxicillin rash it could be the result of an infection.

Amoxicillin Rash Pictures

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Amoxicillin Rash Treatment

Most of the time when a person has an amoxicillin rash there is no treatment needed but if you start to have trouble breathing or any other complications happen you will need to see your physician or visit the nearest emergency facility. In most cases the amoxicillin rash will go away on its on fairly quickly. One thing to note is that this type of rash is non-contagious.

To help with the symptoms of amoxicillin rash like itching, inflamed skin, etc. you can try some of these home treatments.

Add a half to a cup of oatmeal to your bath water, which should be warm not hot, to help soothe the rashes.
You could also take an over-the-counter medication like Benadryl to help with the itching.
Drink a lot of water to help flush out the toxins in your body can help you heal faster.

When you develop the rash you should talk to your physician to see if they want you to discontinue taking the medication. They may have you continue the medication because in mild cases or a side effect the amoxicillin rash is usually self-eliminating and will eventually go away on their own. If over-the-counter medications do not help with the itching and inflammation you should talk to your physician to see if they can give you a prescription for something a little stronger.

You should see medical help if you feel extremely fatigued your behavior changes toward your family members, you have a high temperature, wheezing, swelling around your eyes, diarrhea, or extreme body aches, or the area around your mouth appears red and swollen.

What is a Bruised toenail?

Although most of the time having a bruised toenail is a small thing but it can be very painful and tender as the fluid and blood builds up in your toenail. It is also referred to as a subungual hematoma. Actually it is not the toenail that gets bruised because a toenail is composed of dead tissues. It is the skin that is underneath your toenail that becomes bruised.

Bruised Toenail Symptoms

The symptoms of a bruised toenail can include:

• Discoloration to the area
• You may experience pain in the area that is affected that can run from a dull ache to severe and acute.

Bruised Toenail Causes

When a person has a bruised toenail this means that you have hurt your toe internally. There are many different reasons why a person would have a bruised toenail, which can include:

Trauma

This is a very common cause and can be from physical activities like playing soccer, downhill running, running, following a very rigorous exercise program you do every day, etc.

Injury

This is also another common cause of having a bruised toenail. It could be caused by banging your foot on a hard surface, or dropping something heavy on it. Ballet dancers are prone to bruised toenails because of the pointed foot stance they have to use while dancing. Getting your toes stepped on could lead to bruising your toenails.

Footwear that does not fit right

This can include footwear that is too big or too small. Being too small can put a lot of pressure on your feet. Also shoes that are too pointy or narrow can cause a bruised toenail.

Another cause is having toenails that are too long.

Treatment

The best way to treat a bruised toenail is to find ways to prevent this from happening in the first place. There are also some home remedies you can try before you go see your regular physician or podiatrist. If the toenail is falling off or is severely blackened you should see your physician immediately so they can access the injury properly. If there is an infection they can give you a prescription antibiotic. The physician may even be able to cut the loose toenail off to prevent it from accidentally being torn off. A podiatrist can also drain the blood from your nail bed manually by making a tiny hole in the center of the bruised toenail and lightly squeeze the toe to get the fluid to drain out until the nail bed returns back to a normal color.

Some of the ways that you can treat a bruised toenail can include:

• When there is little to no pain the best treatment is to not engage in any activities that could cause risk of further injury.
• If it is possible cut the toenail as short as you can without hurting yourself and then soak it in warm salt water to help ease the pain. You can then apply a topical antibiotic ointment and cover with a bandage. This can help prevent any infection.
• For the swelling and pain take over-the-counter pain relievers.
• Wear toe pads or some type of cushioning pads in your shoes to help protect your bruised toenail and to help prevent it from happening again.
• When running make sure that you are wearing a shoe that is one size larger than your regular shoes to give your toes a little more wiggle room to let it heal and prevent further bruised toenails.
• Apply turmeric paste to the bruised toenail and it has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties to help prevent infections and reduce swelling.
• You can also soak your toe in warm soapy water one or two times each day to help relieve the tenderness, especially if the toenail has come off.
• Regularly apply antibiotic ointments or creams.
• For the first few days you should elevate the toe to reduce the swelling under the nail and to help numb the pain. When you have it elevated apply an ice pack for ten minutes.

Bruised Toenail Healing time

The exact amount of time that it will take a bruised toenail to heal will depend on how it became bruised and how severe the bruising is. In severe cases where the nail bed is bruised badly the toenail may fall off. If the bruised toenail does become loose and start to come off do not try to remove it. Let it come off on its own but make sure that you are protecting that toe until it does come off. You do not want to accidentally tear it off and cause other problems. Although it may take several months you will grow another toenail to replace the one that fell off. Just keep the area clean and protect the nail bed with some type of bandage.

If the bruised toenail does not fall off right away the bruising will heal on its own but you have to give enough it enough time to heal. Again protect the area. In time a new toenail will grow into slowly replace the area of your bruised toenail.

Bruised Toenail Pictures

Collection of Images, Photos and Pictures of Bruised Toenail…

Parkinsonism Definition

This is not a single symptom but a symptom complex. It is also a broad term that physicians use to describe a medical condition in which a person will exhibit symptoms common to someone who has Parkinson’s disease. When a person has this they will be suffering from secondary or atypical Parkinson’s disease. When a person has Parkinsonism they symptoms mimic Parkinson’s disease movement disorders. Although is it is common for a person with Parkinson’s disease to cause Parkinsonism not every person that is diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease will have Parkinsonism. It does not affect everyone who has it in the same way. Some who have this condition it progresses fairly fast while in others it happens gradually slow.

Parkinsonism Symptoms

In many people with Parkinsonism, whether their condition is a severe disability or just a minor complaint, they all share one common symptom which is a tremor that is unique. When a person with Parkinsonism has a tremor it is called a pill rolling tremor. It will usually start in one hand where there is a rhythmic forward and backward motion of their forefingers and thumbs, like they are rolling a pill. What makes this tremor so unique it is that it is measured at three beats per second. There have also been cases where this unique tremor started in their jaw or either foot first. These tremors are most apparent when a person is under stress and in a majority of people the tremors are only one side of the body in the early stages. As the disease progresses they become more generalized but are rarely debilitating. They can also disappear on their own during intentional or voluntary motion or when asleep.

There are four other primary symptoms a person will usually have with Parkinsonism. You may not have all four but in order to be diagnosed with Parkinsonism you have to have three of these symptoms.

• As mention above, tremors that you cannot contain
• Hypokinesia which is a slowing down of your motor skills.
• Rigidity which is finding any type of movement is hard to initiate
• Having the inability to maintain proper posture or having postural instability where you lean too far back or too far forward along with a bowed head and drooping shoulders. With these symptoms you are more prone to falls.

Parkinsonism Causes

• Approximately seven percent of the people who have Parkinsonism have developed the symptoms after being treated with particular medications. Some of these psychiatric medications, medications for high blood pressure and stomach disorders. They symptoms of Parkinsonism will usually disappear after the dosage is lower or is taken off the medication causing the problems.
• Another possible cause is a virus called encephalitis lethargic. This virus affected approximately five million people right after World War I and was often referred to as the sleeping sickness. Around the 1920’s it just suddenly disappeared. Almost one-third of the people who had this virus died and the rest were left with a disorder called Post encephalitic Parkinsonism.
• Arteriosclerosis Parkinsonism, which is when you would experience a number of small strokes that can damage several brain vessels. This cause will rarely cause the symptoms of tremors but you can lose your mental abilities and skills.
• Another cause is a condition called Striatonigral degeneration. Your brain’s substantia nigra becomes infected causing your brain to exhibit a degree of damage that is characteristic of ones who had Parkinson’s disease. If this is the cause Parkinsonism progresses faster and the rigidity is more pronounced.
• Poisons and toxins can also cause Parkinsonism. Some of these include carbon disulfide, carbon monoxide, and Manganese dust. Usually this is the cause if a person is addicted to substances that could be tainted with traces of these different toxins..

Parkinsonism Treatment

The first line of treatment is to find out what the underlying cause is and treat it. There is no known cure for Parkinsonism but there are many different medications that can give you relief from the symptoms. Not everyone will be required to take medications. The need to take medication is based on how severe the symptoms are and the degree it has progressed. One medication that is sometimes used is called Levodopa which will help to replenish your brain’s supply of dopamine so the progression of the symptoms.

If you are displaying any of these symptoms you should see your physician immediately because the sooner you can start treatment the less suffering you will display.