Feeling pain in the fingertips is not a pleasant thing to experience and it can generate a lot of discomfort. This symptom can be caused by a wide array of medical conditions, the correct diagnosis of these being more than essential. Often times, the doctor will take into consideration whether you are suffering from other symptoms or not. The treatment is going to be symptomatic, as suggestions are made to relieve the pain but also adapted to the underlying condition. Sometimes, by eliminating the underlying condition, the pain will be diminished as well and you will be able to resume your normal, day-to-day activities.

What Causes Pain in Fingertips?

These are the most common causes that lead to pain in fingertips:

Circulatory conditions

Raynaud’s phenomenon

• Blood flow is constricted at the extremities, affecting the fingertips as well
• Pain experienced with extreme cold temperatures, the fingertips present color modification as well (bluish or white)
• Going from cold to warm, the fingertips will turn into bright red as the blood flow is no longer constricted and the patient will describe a tingling sensation.

Peripheral vascular disease

• The condition is similar to the one mentioned above, the difference being that the modifications are not necessarily triggered by the weather
• The blood flow to the fingertips is restricted, leading to pain in the fingertips, among other modifications
• Because of the reduced circulation in the area, the skin is pale
• Patients also describe a sensation of numbness in the area
• Any wound in the area heals slower, as the blood circulation is not good enough to promote healing

Exposure to extremely cold temperatures

Frostbites

• Tissue damage
• Partial or complete loss of feeling in the fingertips
• When the loss is partial, there is a lot of pain that appears in the fingertips
• As the tissues start to warm up, the pain will become more intense

Neurological conditions

Carpal tunnel syndrome

• The pain in the fingertips is caused by the pinching of a nerve in the carpal tunnel (located at the level of the wrist)
• The condition is aggravated by the constant pressure on the carpal tunnel (such as typing or writing)
• The pain is accompanied by other symptoms, the patients complaining of tingling sensations or numbness in the area
• Pain might radiate into other parts of the body as well

Inflammatory conditions

Arthritis of the fingers – osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis

• The inflammation of the finger joints leads to pain in the fingertips, among other modifications
• The joints might also swell, becoming rigid – the range of mobility is thus reduced in the affected joint
• The lack of movement worsens the pain, the patient finding himself in a vicious circle.

Treatment

These are the most recommended courses of treatment for pain in fingertips:

Circulatory conditions

• Raynaud’s phenomenon
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • Alpha blockers
  • Vasodilators
  • Sympathectomy (nerve surgery)
  • Botox injection
  • Avoid exposure to cold temperatures
• Peripheral vascular disease
  • Medication to lower cholesterol levels
  • Medication to lower blood pressure levels
  • Diabetes medication
  • Medication to prevent formation of blood clots – aspirin
  • Symptomatic medication – pain relief

Exposure to cold temperatures

Frostbites

• Gradual warming of extremities by placing them in warm water
• Avoid sudden exposure to heat
• Symptomatic medication – pain relief
• Surgical removal of necrotized tissue
• Antibiotics to prevent secondary infections

Neurological conditions

• Carpal tunnel syndrome

• Corticosteroids – oral/topical administration (injection)
• Surgery – release of nerve entrapment
• Wrist brace/splint
• Anti-inflammatory medication – pain relief
• Physiotherapy

Inflammatory conditions

Osteoarthritis

• Symptomatic medication – pain relief
  • Acetaminophen – reduces pain, but not inflammation
  • Ibuprofen – reduces both pain and inflammation
  • Topical applications might be more recommended in elderly patients
• Physiotherapy
• Occupational therapy
• Wearing finger splints
• Cortisone shots
• Hyaluronic acid injections
• Bone realignment or joint replacement

Rheumatoid arthritis

• Anti-inflammatory medication – pain relief
  • Ibuprofen
  • Naproxen sodium
• Corticosteroids – oral/topical administration (injection)
• Anti-rheumatic drugs – slow progression, protect joints
  • Methotrexate
  • Leflunomide
  • Hydroxychloroquine
• Biologic agents – modify the biologic response
  • Adalimumab
  • Infliximab
  • Rituximab
• Physiotherapy
• Occupational therapy
• Surgery
  • Total joint replacement
  • Tendon repair
  • Joint fusion.

In conclusion, when a person experiences pain in the fingertips, the most important thing is that a correct diagnosis is made. Once the underlying condition has been identified, the patient can explore the available treatment options and decide which course to follow. Some of these conditions are chronic and they require lifetime management, in order for their progression to be slowed down and their consequences minimized. Pain therapy is guaranteed to bring the necessary relief but one must take into consideration that most of the pain medication has a negative impact on the digestive system. Protective medication should also be administered.

If you are experiencing a headache above your right eye, then there is a very good chance for a health problem to be causing it. There are many reasons why this kin of headache will appear, including problems with the nerves in the area or other neurological conditions. Infection can lead to headache just above the right eye, being accompanied by significant pain and inflammation. Also, increased intracranial pressure and disorders of the blood vessels can lead to such problems.

Keep in mind that the headache can be the first symptom of a more serious condition and it is highly important to visit the doctor. After a physical examination and a series of medical investigations, the doctor will be able to formulate a diagnosis and recommend a medical treatment. The treatment will reduce the headache and all of its associated symptoms. Sometimes, the doctor will recommend a pain management plan for such problems.

Causes of Headache above Right Eye

These are the most common causes that can lead to a headache above the right eye:

Sinusitis

• Inflammation of the sinuses, accompanied or not by infection
• Depending on the exact sinuses that were affected, it can cause headache above the right eye
• The infection can either be cause by bacteria or viruses
• Headache is accompanied by significant pain
• A sensation of pressure can also be felt in the area

Glaucoma

• Increase intraocular pressure
• Can lead to headache above the right eye and cause significant pain
• The pressure can be intermittent, causing the headache to come and go

Temporal arteritis

• Inflammation of the temporal artery (located near the eye)
• Can lead to headache above the right eye, among other modifications

Aneurysm

• Bulge that appears inside the artery wall
• Can cause headache above the right eye, being accompanied by significant pain
• A burst aneurysm requires immediate medical attention

Increased intra-cranial pressure

Caused by:

• Intra-cranial abscess
• Infection
• Brain tumor

Can lead to headache above the right eye, accompanied by pain, vision problems and systemic symptoms (including vascular collapse)

Other causes

• Nerve problems
• Neurological conditions
• Trauma/injury to the head – the headache above the right eye can appear immediately after the trauma/injury or a long-term post-traumatic consequence
• Allergic reaction – if the swelling is really intense, then it can also cause headache above the right eye
• Eye conditions (conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and cellulitis)

Treatment for Headache above right eye

These are the most common courses of treatment recommended for anti-inflammatory medication:

• Anti-inflammatory medication – can guarantee pain relief, dealing with the inflammation as well.
  • Acetaminophen
  • Ibuprofen
• For migraine-like headaches above the right eye:
  • Beta blockers
  • Antidepressants
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication
• Other solutions:
  • Intravenous pain medication – recommended only for severe headaches
  • If the headaches are accompanied by systemic symptoms (nausea, vomiting), an antiemetic is recommended
  • Prednisone – indicated in chronic headaches, to reduce the severity of a new headache
• Complementary and alternative strategies
  • Relaxation therapy
  • Electromyographic feedback
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy
  • Acupuncture
  • Acupressure
  • Oxygen therapy – recommended for cluster headache
• Treatment for the underlying conditions:
  • Antibiotics – in case of infection of the sinuses caused by bacteria
  • Antiviral medication – in case of infection of the sinuses caused by different viruses
  • Specific medication to reduce intraocular pressure in case of glaucoma
  • Surgery to remove the brain aneurysm
  • Specific medication/surgery to reduce the intra-cranial pressure
  • Medication to solve the eye problems
  • Surgery, radio or chemotherapy for brain tumors

Relief

These are the most common measures you can take in order to obtain relief from the headache above the right eye:

• Get plenty of rest – sometimes, the way to obtain relief from a headache is by sleeping or resting. Rest can be more successful in bringing pain relief that a lot of medication, so it is recommended to give it a try. The next time you feel like your head hurts just above the right eye, lie down and soon you will see that you feel better.
• Cold compress – often times, the main cause that leads to the appearance of a headache above the right eye is inflammation. When this happens, the best remedy is the application of a cold compress over the head. You can also consider the application of an ice pack, but make sure you wrap it in a towel before you apply it to the head. The cold will reduce the inflammation and it will also bring down the sensation of pressure.
• Massage – applying a few gentle strokes to the specific area where is hurts can help relieve the tension and bring pain relief. You can do the massage yourself and it is guaranteed it will relieve the pressure, making you feel better. You can add essential oils for better results.
• Relaxation – if you want to obtain pain relief from your headache, then try controlled breathing. Breathe in several times, then slowly exhale the air. As oxygen therapy is recommended as a treatment for headaches, you can certainly understand the beneficial effects of controlled breathing in this situation.
• If you feel a headache coming on, then do a little bit of exercise. No one says that you have to run a marathon, but a few movements will contribute to the release of endorphins and it will certainly make you feel better. Choose easy movements and do not make too much effort, otherwise, you will make the headache worse.

In conclusion, the headache above the right eye can be treated with both medication and at-home measures. Make sure you identify the cause of the headache first and then decide on which treatment should be pursued. Also, try to follow the advice of the doctor and take the treatment for as long as it is prescribed. If the headaches are recurrent, then you should definitely consider complementary or alternative therapies. These can do wonders in case of recurrent headaches and not only. Also, make sure that you eat healthy and drink plenty of water, to avoid dehydration.

Having cracked corners at the mouth is a condition more common than one would think. In the medical field, this condition is known as angular cheilitis or perleche, being found in persons of different genders or ages. In many people, it is often part of a vicious circle. We are talking about those who, having dry lips, keep licking them. The excessive licking can lead to cracked corners, which in turn can lead to even more licking. Also, the cracking of the corners is often accompanied by other symptoms, including irritation and redness. If saliva accumulates and microorganisms penetrate the skin, then the infection can result, aggravating the condition.

The discomfort caused by cracked corners of the mouth can range from mild to severe. There are a lot of people who complain of pain but they also describe that this condition makes them feel embarrassed or unattractive. In many situations, the cracked corners can prevent a person from performing regular activities, such as eating, drinking or even talking. There are different treatments available for such problems, so there is no need to worry about making the problem go away. Also, there are prevention methods that one can take into consideration for the future.

Causes of Cracked Corners of Mouth

These are the most common causes of cracked corners of the mouth:

• Excessive saliva production during sleep (drooling)
• Wearing orthodontic braces
• Aging and skin wrinkles (skin sagging at the corners of the mouth, forming lines)
• Constant licking of the lips (especially during the cold season, when the lips are dry)
• Stomatitis – can appear as the result of denture infection, requiring removal and cleaning (appears in dentures that have been poorly fitted)
• Absence of teeth – when teeth are lacking, the corners of the mouth can become modified, being more prone to cracks
• Different medical conditions:
  • Anemia – especially the one caused by iron deficiency
  • Vitamin deficiency (vitamin B)
  • Diabetes
  • Cancer
  • Damage to the oral mucous membrane
• Excessive closure of the mouth
• Dry mouth
• Reduced immunity
• Sexually transmitted diseases
  • Syphilis
• Infection
  • Candida – yeast infection
  • Bacterial infection – staphylococcus/streptococcus
  • Polymicrobial infection
• Contact dermatitis
  • Appears as allergic reaction to a particular irritant or substance
• Habits
  • Thumb sucking
  • Flossing
  • Chewing gum
  • Breathing through the mouth
  • Sucking on different objects, just as pens
• Medication
  • Drug induced condition – improves once the medication is eliminated

Treatment

These are the most common methods of treatment recommended for cracked corners of the mouth:

• Fitting of dentures and disinfection of the area
  • Also requires the instruction of the patient to follow an excellent denture hygiene
• New denture construction
  • The adjusted bite will prevent the excessive closure of the mouth
• Collagen/hyaluronic acid injections
  • Restore the natural lines of the face, preventing the cracked corners of the mouth
• Barrier cream
  • Recommended during the night
• Viral infection
  • Anti-fungal medication – topical administration (cream/ointment)
  • Oral administration is recommended in more serious cases
• Bacterial infection
  • Antibiotics – topical administration (cream/ointment)
  • Oral administration is indicated in severe bacterial infections
  • The treatment should be followed for as long as it is prescribed, otherwise the bacteria will develop resistance to the treatment
• Corticosteroids
  • Topical administration – corticosteroid creams reduce the inflammation and discomfort
• Treatment for the underlying conditions
  • Cancer – chemotherapy, radiotherapy
  • Diabetes – medication to keep the glucose level under control
  • Vitamin deficiency – iron, vitamin B supplements
• Anti-histamines
  • Topical or oral administration
  • Recommended for contact dermatitis
  • Reduce the inflammation and other associated symptoms.

Prevention

If you want to be certain that you will never suffer from cracked corners of the mouth again, then these are the prevention measures that you need to take:

• Regular disinfection of the dentures – there are special solutions in which you can keep them overnight
• Excellent denture hygiene – maintaining this will prevent the corners of the mouth from becoming cracked
• Improved oral hygiene – regular brushing of the teeth, visits to the dentist in order to prevent tooth loss
• Quit smoking – this is also valid if you are used to chewing tobacco. Smoking can prematurely wrinkle the skin, leading to sagging and cracked corners of the mouth, among other modifications.
• Wash your face with antibacterial soap – this will reduce the chance for antibacterial infection
• Avoid using objects of personal hygiene from other people, including towels. This is one of the easiest ways for a fungal infection to be transmitted. This will, in its own turn, leading to cracked corners of the mouth.
• Get treatment for anemia or other vitamin deficiency. If you are improve the levels of iron or vitamins in the body, then the risk of cracked corners will be reduced as well.
• Take immune supplements when the cold season kicks in. This will help you maintain a strong immune system and be protected against different problems, including cracked corners.
• Use a lip balm made from natural ingredient instead of constantly licking your lips. Do not allow them to become dry and keep them moisturized on a regular basis.
• Avoid potential irritants or allergens touching your face. Check out the label of each cosmetic or face care product, before actually using it. Keep a list with all the things you are allergic to.
• If you are not sure whether you are allergic to a product or not, be sure to test it on a small surface of the skin. In case there are modifications present, refrain from further using that product.

As you can see for yourself, there are many treatments available for cracked corners of the mouth, depending on the cause that led to such modifications in the first place. However, it is for the best that you try and prevent the condition from occurring. Follow the measures that were presented above and you will have beautiful lips, with healthy corners. Keep in mind that hygiene is the most essential method of prevention, whether we are talking about the one involving dentures or the entire oral area. When hygiene is maintained to the highest standards, the risk of cracked corners is genuinely reduced.

Pictures of Cracked Corners of Mouth

Here are some of the photo collection of cracked corners of the mouth…

If you want to have strong and healthy hair, then you should definitely consider using almond oil. Containing all sort of beneficial substances for the hair, it can be the perfect remedy against hair loss or hair thinning. It will nourish and moisturize the scalp, helping those who suffer from dry skin. Moreover, if you have damaged hair, almond oil is considered as the perfect choice for hair regeneration. Soon after using it, you will notice that your hair has regained its natural luster and shine. The hair strands are going to be thicker and you will definitely recommend this natural remedy to everyone.

Benefits of Almond Oil for Hair

These are the benefits of using almond oil for hair:

• Almond oil contains vitamins that are necessary for the health of the hair, such as: vitamin E, D, B1, B2, B6 and A
• If you are looking for a natural conditioner, then you should certainly consider almond oil, as it contains healthy vitamin E
• It also contains fatty acids that can nourish the hair, helping it become stronger and more resistant to damage
• It is a safe natural remedy against hair thinning, damage or loss, causing no side-effects or complications
• It is simple to use, does not require any complicated procedure or application steps to complete
• It helps the hair regain its natural luster
• It can be combined with other oils, such as Neem or tea tree oil, for better results
• When applied directly to the scalp skin, it stimulates the blood flow
• Can also be recommended as a remedy against dandruff
• It is a natural remedy against hair loss, particularly when used in combination with other oils, such as rosemary or lavender
• Almond oil has the benefit of reducing inflammation at the level of the scalp, bringing a soothing effect
• It can help for any lacerations or cuts to heal faster at the level of the scalp
• Removes dead skin cells from the scalp

How to use almond oil for hair

If you have decided to use almond oil for hair, then there are a few simple steps that you need to follow. The application of almond oil on the hair depends on the benefits you are interested in obtaining from this natural remedy.

For example, if you are looking to stimulate the scalp and get rid of dandruff, you should start by applying a small quantity of almond oil on your hands and gently massaging it throughout the scalp. The scalp massage should last for almost a quarter of an hour and then you can extend the almond oil into the hair. The almond oil can stay for as long as you wish on the head; in fact, experts recommend that one goes to sleep with it for the best results. In the morning, all you have to do is wash your hair as if you would normally do.

Almond oil is recommended as a natural remedy for hair growth as well. If you want to stimulate your hair to grow, then be sure to mix it with hibiscus flowers and castor oil for the best results. The mixture should be warmed before applied to the head; after applied to the scalp, it should be massaged for 10 minutes and then left on for about an hour. After the hour has passed, wash your hair with shampoo. The application should be repeated at least twice a week, in order to promote hair growth.

If you want to regain the natural shine of the hair, a simple application of almond oil on the hair should be enough. This remedy is recommended for both straight and curly hair. Almond oil is also recommended for split ends – for this purpose, it should be massaged to the end of the hair strands. Repeated applications will prevent splitting.

Almond oil is great in case you want your hair to be silky and soft. For this purpose, you will want to mix the almond oil with water and herbal henna (powder) and leave it overnight. Or, if you want, you can mix the almond oil with eggs and apply them directly to the hair. The mixture should be kept on for about 10 minutes and rinsed off with shampoo.

Tips and precautions

When considering almond oil as a natural remedy for your hair, there are a few tips and precautions to know:

• Purchase only top quality almond oil – you can check the quality according to the consistency. Quality almond oil should be thick.
• Visit specialized stores that sell organic almond oil, as this is the most recommended.
• Check out the label of the product, so as to make sure that it does not contain any harmful ingredients or substances that you are allergic to.
• Repeat the application more than once, in order to obtain the desired results.
• Avoid factors that might influence the quality of the treatment, such as aggressive shampoos, prolonged exposure to the sun or hair care products that contain synthetic ingredients.
• Keep in mind that it is recommended to warm the almond oil before applying it to the scalp. However, this does not mean you should make it hot. By doing that, you can burn the skin on your scalp and suffer from other problems.
• The fingers should be dipped in the almond oil; then, part your hair sideways and apply it to the scalp.
• Do not just pour the almond oil on your scalp. Use only a small amount on your fingers and spread it evenly on the entire area of the scalp.
• The idea is not to rub the hair strands, as this will only lead to them breaking. It is for the best that you massage the skin scalp, for the almond oil to penetrate the skin.
• The recommendation is that you leave the almond oil on your head over night. However, you should refrain from keeping it more than 24 hours, as it will lead to hair damage.
• Wrap a how towel around your head after you have applied the almond oil. It will allow for the oil to better enter into the skin.

Even though the ear is one of the smallest parts of the body, experiencing itchiness in that area is not pleasant and it can cause a lot of discomfort. Identifying the exact cause is essential to choose the best medical treatment or home remedy.

Symptoms of Itchy Ears

These are the most common symptoms of itchy ears:

• Itchiness – scratching can aggravate the condition, so it is not recommended. The itchiness can affect both the exterior cartilage of the ear and the inner parts. If the itchiness is sudden and accompanied by other systemic symptoms (such as swelling), then it might be the symptom of an allergic reaction.
• Irritation – often appears as a symptom after ear trauma
• Redness and warmth – these two symptoms can appear, because of the enhanced blood circulation directed towards the area
• Discomfort – because of the constant need to scratch and the additional symptoms that might appear
• Inflammation – the level of swelling depends on the cause
• Ear area painful or tender to the touch
• In case of ear infection, discharge might also be released from the area
• Systemic symptoms can also appear with infections, such as:
  • Fever or general malaise
  • Headache
  • Flu-like symptoms – sneezing, coughing
  • Sore throat
  • Sweating/chills
• Scaling or crusting – these accompany the itchiness in people who are known to have an allergenic terrain.
• In case of severe allergy reactions, life-threatening symptoms can be present:
  • Difficult breathing
  • Sudden swelling of the tongue or other parts of the face
  • Tightness of laryngeal muscles
  • Fainting.

Causes of Itchy ears

These are the most common causes that can lead to the appearance of itchy ears:

Ear wax

• Increased quantities of ear wax can irritate the inner ear canal, causing itchiness
• Reduced quantities of ear wax contribute to the dryness of the inner ear canal, causing itchiness as well

Allergy

• The allergy reaction can appear after one has eaten certain foods or used different cosmetic products, including hair care products such as shampoo or conditioner
• Chemical substances can also cause serious allergenic reactions, with itchy ears but also with life-threatening symptoms
• Insect stings frequently occur in the ear area, causing itchiness and potential anaphylactic reactions
• Other potential allergens include cosmetic dyes, laundry detergents, metal jewelry or poison ivy

Infection

• Ear infections with different pathological organisms frequently lead to itchy ears
• Infections appear thanks to predisposing factors, such as excessive humidity in the outer/inner ear area (as it happens with swimmers)
• Fungal infections are most common, leading to discharge as well
• Childhood infectious diseases, such as chickenpox, can cause itchy ears
• Infections with ringworm
• Bacterial infections – most commonly the strep throat

Skin conditions – the ear area, including the inner canal, can be itchy in the following cases:

• Eczema
• Seborrheic dermatitis
• Psoriasis.

Other causes include:

• Frequent and constant exposure to extreme temperatures (cold/heat) – also going from cold to heat fast can cause itchy ears (sudden change in temperature)
• Taking certain medication – the itchy ears appear as side-effects
• Wearing a hearing aid.
• Stress, emotions or anxiety

Treatment

These are the most common methods of treatment recommended for itchy ears:

Corticosteroids

• Topical applications of steroid creams are recommended for less severe cases
• Oral corticosteroids are only recommended for severe cases and for reduced periods of time, as they can have serious side-effects

Anti-histamines

• These are recommended to reduce both the itchiness and inflammation in the ear area

Antibiotic ointment/oral administration

• Recommended in cases of infection caused by different types of bacteria
• The treatment should be taking for as long as it is prescribed, otherwise the bacteria will become resistant to the medication
• Oral antibiotics are recommended in case of strep throat, so as to eliminate the bacteria completely from the body
• Antibiotics are also recommended if there is blood or pus coming out from the ear (signs of infection)

Eardrops

• These are recommended in case of viral infection after prolonged humidity (as it happens with swimmers)

Topical application of disinfecting substances

• Alcohol
• Acetic acid
• Hydrogen peroxide

Excess earwax removal

• This should be done by a specialist, in his office, with specialized instruments

Home remedies

These are the most common home remedies for itchy ears:

White vinegar

• The white vinegar can be mixed with water or disinfecting alcohol
• The solution should be put in the ear with a dropper
• It should be kept in the ear for a brief amount of time and then drained out of the ear

Water/mineral oil/disinfecting alcohol

• This should be introduced in the ear with the aid of a bulb syringe
• It is helpful for getting insects out of the ear, as it practically flushes the insect out of there

Warm water

• Fill a bottle with warm water and place it on your ear
• This will help you moisten the excess wax and it will make removal easier, relieving the itchiness

Olive oil

• Use a dropper to put olive oil in your ear (two or three drops are enough, make sure you control the quantity)
• For the best results, apply the drops at least three times a day
• In case of bacterial infection, mix olive oil with garlic. Garlic is well recognized for its antibacterial properties

Other types of oil (sunflower seed, coconut oil, mustard oil)

• The application is recommended to be made with the aid of a dropper as well
• Helps moisten the ear wax, while lubricating the inside of the ear
• Reduces the itchiness experienced in the area

Garlic

• Can be used on its own as an effective remedy for itchy ears, solving infections efficiently thanks to its antibacterial properties.
• For the best results, it is recommended that you insert half a clove of garlic into each ear
• Maintain the application for a brief period of time, then take the clove of garlic out
• Apply garlic in the morning and at night.

The armpit is the small area that is found right at the junction of the arm with the shoulder. When pain occurs in this area, it can be really intense. This is because the armpit is home to one of the most complex network of nerves, known as the brachial plexus. Also, there are many blood vessels (veins and arteries) that pass through the same area. This is a highly sensitive surface and the armpit pain can be more severe than you would have ever imagined.

The intensity of the armpit pain can range from mild to severe, depending on the causative factor. Most women, when suffering from armpit pain, they immediately think of breast nodules or, even worse, breast cancer. However, the diagnosis can be immediately excluded by performing a mammography. With armpit pain, it can happen that the source of pain is either visible (such as a lump) or not. When the pain does not come from a visible source, it is important to consider referred pain. This pain radiates into the armpit from another part of the body, sometimes coming from a distant injury site.

Whether the armpit pain is local or referred, it is important to choose the right treatment. The chosen treatment depends on the causative factor of the pain – injury, infection or inflammation – but also on how severe the pain actually is. Armpit pain is found in people of different ages and genders. The diagnosis is more easily made if the patient experiences other modifications, besides the armpit pain. One particular example could be given – angina patients. The most important symptom is the chest pain, the armpit pain coming as a secondary modification.

What are the Symptoms of Armpit Pain?

The patient suffering from armpit pain can suffer from the following symptoms:

• Pain
  • Most obvious symptom
  • Range from mild to severe (the patient is asked to appreciate its intensity on a scale from 1 to 10, 1 being the less severe and 10 the highest intensity)
  • Pain can be local or referred
  • Can be triggered by touch
• In case of infection (folliculitis), the armpit area might be red, inflamed and tender to the touch. As pus tends to form around the hair follicle, lumps can be palpated under the skin.
• If the armpit skin has been irritated for some reason, touching the area will cause discomfort. The irritated skin is also red and it might have a modified texture, easy to sense when touching.
• If the main cause of the armpit pain is related to the muscles, then the patient might also experience muscle weakness.
• Armpit pain can be caused by a problem in the shoulder joint. When this happens, the pain is accompanied by a loss in the range of mobility. The patient might also adopt a specific posture – it is common knowledge that he/she will adopt the posture in which there is very little or no pain.
• Movement can aggravate the armpit pain, this being a symptom of joint problems.
• In case of nerve entrapment, the armpit pain might be accompanied by a tingling or numbing sensation. This can extend throughout the entire superior limb, affecting even the fingers.

Causes of Armpit Pain

These are the most common causes that can lead to armpit pain:

Brachial plexus injury

• Occurs when the head is pulled from the shoulder, the latter being pressed in a downward direction.
• Contact sports/trauma/fall
• Reduced mobility in the affected arm + armpit pain.

Infection

• Bacterial – streptococcus
• Lump/cyst formation
• Pain is accompanied by warmth and tenderness.

Skin abscess

• Painful lump under the skin
• Infection of the hair follicle
• May require surgery for drainage.

Cancer

• Hodgkin’s lymphoma/breast cancer (metastases)
• Painful lump under the skin
• Known history of cancer.

Blocked cyst duct

• Lump under the skin
• Harmless condition.

Fatty growth

• This can lead to armpit pain and also is a favoring factor of excessive sweating.

Excess breast tissue

• Common problem in overweight women
• Leads to armpit pain and circulatory problems.

Infectious diseases

• Chickenpox/Shingles/Infectious mononucleosis
• Painful lump under the skin.

Shoulder joint problem

• Frozen shoulder/shoulder fracture/arthritis
• Reduced mobility in the shoulder joint + armpit pain
• Tenderness to the touch.

Nerve entrapment

• Reduced mobility is associated with sensitive modifications.

Other possible causes:

• Open fracture
• Chest angina
• Stroke
• Sports/overuse injury
• Trauma – cut/laceration.

Treatment

The symptomatic treatment of armpit pain is represented by anti-inflammatory medication. This will contribute not only to the elimination of pain but it will also help with other symptoms, such as inflammation or tenderness. If there is an associated infection, caused by a bacterial agent, then the doctor will most likely recommend broad-spectrum antibiotics. It is important that the antibiotics are taken for the recommended period of time, otherwise the bacteria will develop resistance and the next time the treatment will no longer be effective. In case of fungal infection, topical creams are indicated to eliminate the fungal agent and cure the infection.

Brachial plexus injuries require initial contention of the arm, followed by a good program of physical therapy. It is important that the therapy program contributes to the reduction of the armpit pain and also guarantees an improvement in the arm mobility. The presence of a skin abscess might require the incision made at the site, followed by the drainage. Also, the doctor might decide to prescribe antibiotics in order to eliminate the infectious organism that caused the abscess in the first place.

Supportive care and morphine might be administered to patients suffering from terminal cancer, especially if there is a lot of intense armpit pain. Blocked cyst ducts can be drained through surgical methods and shoulder joint problems can be solved through anti-inflammatory medication and physical therapy. Nerve entrapment is solved with surgery, followed by a period of intense physical rehabilitation. Open fractures are operated, then immobilized and rehabilitated through physical therapy. Traumas are addressed by the surgeon and antibiotics are administered to prevent secondary infections.

In conclusion, by addressing the exact cause of the armpit pain with the right treatment, the pain and all of the associated symptoms will disappear.

What do Low Creatinine Levels mean?

In order to understand what low creatinine levels mean in relation to the health of our bodies, first we must talk a little bit about creatinine. This is a waste product that is normally produced through the metabolism of the muscles. Creatinine is then taken to the kidneys through the bloodstream, until it reaches the kidneys. Provided the kidneys function normally, the creatinine is going to be excreted into the urine. This is the normal process of functioning in any healthy human individual.

The values of creatinine are often tested through routine laboratory investigations, as they allow for a good evaluation of kidney function. It is important to understand that the creatinine levels can fluctuate, being either higher or lower than the normal value. When it comes to low creatinine levels, there are many reasons that might exist behind this modification of values. Some are related to the types of food we eat (for example, a diet that is low in protein will lead to a lowering in the normal creatinine value). Others are serious causes, such as liver conditions (advanced stages).

It can happen that the creatinine levels are low, without any other modifications. In such situations, the existence of low creatinine levels does not indicate a serious condition. Treatment is recommended for patients who have other modifications, besides the creatinine. As for associated conditions, low creatinine levels are often found in diseases that lead to the reduction of muscle mass. When low creatinine levels are found alone, it might be a sign that a person does not have enough muscle tissue.

Normal Creatinine Levels

The normal creatinine levels vary according to gender and age. In a healthy adult male, the normal creatinine levels are between 0.6 and 1.2 mg/dL. Healthy adult women, on the other hand, have normal creatinine levels that vary between 0.5 and 1.1 mg/dL. As the creatinine level in the blood is connected to the amount of muscle tissue, it is normal for muscular and young healthy adults to have more creatinine circulating in the blood.

As a person ages and enters the elderly population category, he/she will present less creatinine in the blood, without this being a sign of a medical condition. This happens because the muscle mass tends to decrease with aging, leading to less creatinine produced in the muscles. As for small children, they have a normal creatinine level somewhere around 0.2 mg/dL. This value might be slightly higher, if the muscle mass is well developed.

Sometimes, the normal creatinine level is influenced by the existence of medical conditions. This is particularly valid in persons who are suffering from malnutrition and severe weight loss, but also in those who have suffered from a chronic illness for a long time. In such situations, the creatinine levels might be considerably lower than the average value for that person’s age and gender. Also, it is important to mention that people with just one kidney have other normal values of creatinine, ranging between 1.8 and 1.9 mg/dL.

Causes of Low Creatinine Levels

These are the most common causes that lead to low creatinine levels:

• Reduced muscle mass – this can lead to decreased production of creatinine and it is encountered in elderly patients or those suffering from malnutrition, excessive weight loss or chronic illnesses.
• Diet – it is a well known fact that a low-protein diet will have an impact on the creatinine levels. Vegetarians often have low creatinine levels, as their diet does not provide sufficient proteins. While they may include proteins from plant sources, it is important to understand that creatinine is produced from animal proteins (meat and fish).
• Pregnancy – when a woman is pregnant, the function of the kidneys becomes accelerated and increased quantities of creatinine are excreted.
• Liver disease – when a person is suffering from advanced liver disease, the creatinine levels can reach dangerously low levels. This is because the proteins are normally broken down in the liver; if the liver does not function properly, then the whole process is disrupted and creatinine is not produced.
• Water intake – when excess water intake occurs, the person might experience a modification in the value of creatinine. The lowering of creatinine levels occurs as the excess water dilutes the blood. This is however a rarely encountered cause.
• Medication – there are certain medications that can contribute to a modification in creatinine levels, lowering them.

Treatment

When the creatinine levels are low but there are no other modifications in the body, no treatment is necessary. However, if there is an underlying condition leading to this modification, the treatment will address that problem in the first place. Physical exercise is recommended for the increase in muscle mass and a change in diet is indicated to those who usually follow a low-protein diet. It is important to understand that there are healthy proteins that can be included in the diet, without being fattening.

For patients suffering from malnutrition or excessive weight loss, the treatment should include a gradual diet that contains fresh fruits and vegetables. As for elderly patients, both physical exercise and adapted diet are recommended to improve the creatinine levels. It is difficult to improve creatinine levels in patients who are suffering from chronic illnesses but there are measures that can be taken, including supportive care and an adapted diet.

The modified values in pregnancy should not be of concern; they represent a consequence of the pregnancy but they do not require any treatment. As for liver disease, the treatment should concern the preservation of the remaining liver function and supporting the regeneration, if possible. In case there is a certain medication contributing to the lowering of the creatinine levels, one should request a change in the treatment. The doctor might be able to recommend another medication, one that delivers the same effect without having a direct influence on the creatinine levels.

In conclusion, there is no specific treatment for low creatinine levels. In case of associated medical conditions, the treatment should concern that particular problem. When the right treatment is administered, the creatinine levels are going to be normal once more.

The armpit cyst is a medical condition that sounds more seriously than it actually is. Basically, we are talking about a lump that appears in the armpit area, under the skin. This lump can appear for various reasons, some being connected to bodily hygiene, others to underlying medical conditions. It is important to understand that the armpit cyst can either be filled with a clear liquid or with pus, the latter being suggestive of an infection in the area. It can also appear as a direct result of gland clogging, requiring surgical excision and drainage in more serious cases.

The majority of the armpit cysts are harmless and they do not require any specific treatment, other than an improved hygiene routine. Only serious cases of armpit cysts are treated through surgery. As a patient, you are recommended to visit the doctor in case the armpit cyst causes a lot of discomfort and pain. Otherwise, there are certain home remedies you can consider for the cyst. Keep in mind that cysts are common in this area, as there is a lot of humidity and friction. Also, men present a higher risk of developing armpit cysts than women.

Armpit Cyst Symptoms

The most common symptoms of the armpit cyst are:

Pain

• This symptom might precede the actual development of the cyst
• Can range from mild to severe
• Aggravated by movement of the arm
• Can appear as a symptom after the rupture/infection/inflammation of a cyst

Symptoms of infection

• The armpit is warm, red and tender to the touch
• Fever/chills
• General state of discomfort
• Enlarged lymph nodes.

Lump under the skin

• The lump increases as the infection progresses
• Pus may be visible or the lump might have a red surface
• The cyst can break on its own, resulting in discharge of pus.

Non-infectious armpit cysts

• Filled with clear liquid
• They grow more slowly, as there is no pathogenic agent aggravating the infection.
• They are smooth to the touch and flexible under the skin.

Causes of Armpit Cyst

These are the most common causes that led to the appearance of armpit cysts:

• Frequent shaving of the armpits – this can irritate the hair follicles and, combined with the use of deodorants/antiperspirants, can lead to the formation of lumps under the skin.
• Bacterial infection – this appears in situations of inadequate bodily hygiene. If a person is used to shaving the armpits, then the bacteria can easily penetrate the skin through one of the cuts or minor lacerations that commonly occur.
• Fungal infection – as the armpit is an area with plenty of humidity, fungal infections are very common. The fungi can lead to a serious fungal infection, with the formation of armpit cysts.
• Other infectious diseases – chickenpox, shingles and infectious mononucleosis can lead to the appearance of cysts in the armpits.
• Benign fatty lumps – these are known as lipoma and they are harmless, posing no threat to one’s health.
• Breast nodules – if a person has nodules in the breasts, then there is a very good chance of cysts to develop in the armpits as well.
• Immunization – if a person receives a vaccine against an infectious disease (such as smallpox or measles), there is a high risk of cysts to be developed in areas with lymph nodes (including the armpit).
• Excessive sweating – this is actually a medical condition and it favors the development of small cysts in the armpits.
• Cancer – different types of cancer can affect the lymphatic system, leading to the formation of armpit cysts, among other modifications.
• Other causes – autoimmune disorders (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), allergic reactions to drugs and AIDS.

Treatment

These are the most common courses of treatment undertaken for armpit cysts:

• Anti-inflammatory medication – this is recommended for the symptoms caused by the cyst, such as the pain and inflammation.
• Antibiotics are indicated in case of bacterial infection. These can be administered topical, as antibiotic ointment or orally, in case of a more serious infection.
• Antifungal medication is recommended in case of fungal infection. Just as with the antibiotics, the antifungal treatment is topical (antifungal cream or ointment) or oral. The choice between topical and oral treatment depends on the severity of the infection. Sometimes the doctor might decide to use both of them to eliminate the infection faster.
• Surgical removal of the cysts is recommended in severe cases. This will ensure that the cyst is properly drained and that the infection is eliminated from the body, before it causes life-threatening symptoms.

Home treatment choices include:

• If the area is not warm to the touch but there is a lot of pain, you can apply a warm compress.
• If the lump has formed and there is a lot of warmth in the area, a cold compress will help with the inflammation.
• A gentle massage of the armpit is recommended in case of small lumps. This will add more blood into the area and it will promote a faster healing process.

Removal

In case the armpit cyst reaches a big dimension, the doctor might decide to remove it for your own safety. Besides the removal, the doctor is going to administer antibiotics, so as to make sure that the infectious agent is completely eliminated from the body.

The actual removal involves the disinfecting of the armpit area, followed by an incision made at the site of the cyst. The doctor will then drain the cyst, making sure that all the pus that has collected is eliminated. After the drainage process has been completed, the doctor will apply disinfectant to the area once more and also a dressing to protect the area. Your responsibility after the removal lies in you maintaining excellent hygiene, so as to prevent secondary infections. Sometimes, you might be required to make a second visit to the doctor’s office, so as to have the cyst drained again. During this period, maintaining the area clean is essential. Otherwise, you will risk the recently drained area to become infected and the treatment period will be prolonged unnecessarily.

Pictures of Armpit Cyst

Collection of images, pictures of armpit cyst…

The sternum is the bone connecting the ribs, being situated in the central part of the thorax. When a person experiences pain below sternum, it is often an indication of a digestive disorder. The intensity of the pain can range from mild to severe, this symptom being accompanied by other modifications. By identifying the correct cause of pain below sternum, one can also recommend a proper course of treatment. The important thing is that you do not delay visiting a doctor, as the pain can be the symptom of a serious underlying condition.

Pain is the number one symptom that brings people to the doctor. When it happens right below the sternum, it is only normal that one thinks about the organs in the area, such as the stomach or the pancreas. If there is a lot of pain that appears in relation to a meal, then a person might end up avoiding eating altogether. Dealing with the pain below sternum should be a top priority, as the underlying condition that exists can become worse with the passing of time. The correct treatment can prevent the advancement of the condition and the potential complications, eliminating the pain and other related symptoms.

Causes of Pain below Sternum

These are the most common causes that can lead to pain below sternum:

Esophagitis

• The esophagus becomes inflamed and irritated because of all the acid that comes back from the stomach
• The patient experiences pain below sternum, has difficulty swallowing and describes a burning sensation on the throat
• This condition is aggravated by drinking hot liquids, smoking and drinking alcohol
• Might also be caused by medication or repeated vomiting.

Gastro-esophageal reflux

• This condition is defined by the production of excessive acid in the stomach, refluxing into the mouth
• Apart from the pain below sternum, the patient experiences a burning sensation on the esophagus that in time can lead to esophagitis
• The acid reflux can cause a bitter taste in the mouth.

Respiratory conditions

• The list includes lung lining inflammation, emphysema, pneumonia, bronchitis and asthma
• The patient experiences chest pain, along with state of general discomfort, fever and coughing
• If there is a bacterial or viral infection, the patient might also have difficulties breathing
• A chest X-ray can reveal the exact type of respiratory condition, followed by a series of pulmonary tests and blood counts that can reveal the pathogenic agent.

Muscle strain

• Excessive physical training or         lifting objects that are heavy can lead to a strain in the abdominal muscles
• If the physical activity involved twisting of the trunk, while the rest of the body remained on position, then the oblique abdominal muscles might be the ones suffering from the strain
• The patient will experience pain below sternum, which will be even more intense if the muscle has ruptured

Acute pancreatitis

• This is a highly serious condition, leading to pain below sternum that becomes aggravated when the person is lying down
• Apart from the pain, the patient will have problems with the digestion, the stools will be modified in color and the entire abdomen will swell
• This condition occurs when the pancreatic ducts are blocked, among other causes
• Immediate treatment is necessary, before the condition becomes life-threatening

Trauma to the sternum

• If a person is involved in an accident or receives a blow of the sternum, there is a very good chance for that person to have a fractured bone
• Depending on the intensity and severity of the trauma, the patient might experience a lot of pain below sternum as well
• Immediate consultation is mandatory, so as to assess whether there are international injuries or not.

Other conditions

• Constant burping
• Abscess/collapse of the lung
• Hiatal hernia
• Stomach ulcer (gastric/duodenal)
• Lung cancer.

Treatment for Pain below Sternum

These are the most common courses of treatment recommended for pain below sternum:

Symptomatic treatment – anti-inflammatory medication (acetaminophen) can help a person deal with the actual pain

Treatment of the underlying condition:

Esophagitis:

• Medication to reduce the excessive production of acid in the stomach (anti-acids)
• Antibiotics – in case of infectious organisms causing the problems
• Avoidance of alcohol intake and giving up smoking

Gastro-esophageal reflux

• Eliminate acidic/fatty/spicy foods from the diet
• Anti-acid medication
• Not lying down after a meal

Respiratory conditions

• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Anti-viral medication for viral infections
• Symptomatic treatment for the symptoms
  • Anti-inflammatory medication (acetaminophen)
  • Bronchodilators to improve breathing

Muscle strain

• Cold pack applications
• Refrain from physical activity
• Anti-inflammatory medication to deal with the pain
• Stretching exercises after the rest period
• Surgery in case of severe muscle rupture

Acute pancreatitis

• Intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration
• Antalgic medication for the pain
• Stomach pumping to eliminate content
• Surgery – removal of tissue that has become infected or has suffered necrosis

Trauma to the sternum

• Surgery
• Anti-inflammatory medication for the pain

Other conditions

• Constant burping
  • Anti-acid medication
  • Change of lifestyle (better diet, more physical activity)
• Lung abscess
  • Procedure to remove infection from the lung
  • Antibiotics to eliminate the infectious organisms
  • Supportive care in more severe cases
• Lung collapse
  • Immediate medical treatment – emergency removal of air under pressure, the surgeon inserting a needle into the chest
• Hiatal hernia
  • Control of the diet
  • Surgical correction
• Stomach ulcer
  • Change of lifestyle
  • Anti-acid medication
  • Surgery
• Lung cancer
  • Chemotherapy/radiotherapy
  • Surgery, followed by supportive care.

In conclusion, there are many conditions that might lead to pain below sternum. The most important thing is that they are correctly diagnosed and the correct treatment is administered. Some of the conditions that were mentioned above can become life-threatening, requiring immediate and urgent medical attention. Always consider the other symptoms, besides the pain below the sternum and bring the patient to the emergency room. Supportive care might be necessary for some of these conditions, as they do not guarantee long-term survival.

What do Recurrent Shingles mean?

When we say shingles, we are actually referring to the condition known as herpes zoster. This is a viral infection with the varicella zoster virus, leading to skin rash on a limited part of the body, pain and blisters. After the infection with this virus occurs, the virus remains latent in the body. More importantly, it remains stored in the bodies of the nerve cells and nerve roots or ganglia. It can remain as such and not cause any symptoms for many years. However, the virus can be activated and this is when recurrent shingles occur. The rash will appear on the corresponding segment of the nerve, causing a lot of pain. Even after the rash has disappeared, patients complain residual pain.

How Common is Recurrent Shingles?

Recent studies have shown that one a person has suffered from residual pain after the first shingles episode, that person presents an increased risk for recurrence. The risk of recurrent shingles is one in three. As for those who have had periods of residual pain lasting longer than two months, the risk of recurrence is five times greater. According to a study made on 1700 patients diagnosed with shingles, 95% suffered from recurrences after a period of several years. The time between the initial shingles episode and the recurrence varied between as little as three months to ten years. It seems that there are certain risk factors that lead to recurrent shingles, such as residual pain, gender (women more predisposed than men) and age (over 50 at the time of the initial episode).

Symptoms of Recurrent Shingles

The symptoms of recurrent shingles are similar to the ones experienced in the initial episode:

• Pain – appears on the route of a nerve or at the level of ganglia. It is possible to experience the painful sensation and not develop a rash.
• Burning sensation
• Numbness or tingling – commonly accompany neuropathic pain
• Rash – characteristic for recurrent shingles is the appearance of the rash after a few days of intense pain. The rash appears in a stripe pattern, most often affecting a side of the torso or on the face, following the pathway of cranial nerves (facial/trigeminal).
• Blisters – these accompany the rash; they have the tendency to break and form a crust
• The rash can cause mild to intense itchiness

Systemic symptoms include:

• Fever
• Headaches
• General weakness
• Photophobia.

Causes of Recurrent Shingles

Recurrent shingles or herpes zoster is caused by the activation of the latent varicella zoster virus that already exists in the body. The virus can remain latent in the body for years and not cause any symptoms. However, it has been found that the weakening of the immune system can lead to its activation, causing recurrent shingles. Other triggers have been suggested, such as the environment or the genetic material but studies are inconclusive so far.

Treatment

The symptomatic treatment for recurrent shingles consists of:

Anti-viral medication

• Recommended to reduce the painful sensation
• When administered, it can reduce the duration of the condition
• Among the antiviral medication that can be administered, you will find: acyclovir, famciclovir or valacyclovir.

Corticosteroids

• These are administered at the same time with the anti-viral medication, being recommended only for severe cases of recurrent shingles.
• The treatment cannot be administered for prolonged periods of time, as corticosteroids can have serious side-effects. Also, it has been found that they are not that effective.

Anti-inflammatory medication

• This can help with the neuropathic pain, being administered after the rash has subsided (for residual pain)
• Topical creams have a moderate effect on the pain at the site of the rash.
• Among the anti-inflammatory medication recommended, there are: acetaminophen, aspirin and ibuprofen.

Antibiotics

• These are administered topically, in order to prevent the secondary bacterial infections that might occur after a blister has broken.

In case of post-herpetic neuralgia (complication of recurrent shingles), the following treatment options are suggested:

Antidepressants

• These are recommended in patients who are suffering from residual post-herpetic pain. This can be quite intense and it can lead to depression, among other problems.
• Among the most commonly indicated anti-depressants, there are tricyclic antidepressants – amitriptyline.

Topical anesthetics

• Benzocaine
• Lidocaine patches

Anticonvulsant medication

• Gabapentin
• Pregabalin

Opioids

• Codeine – for extreme pain

Topical creams

• Capsaicin – pain relief.

Prevention

There are several ways to prevent recurrent shingles, as you will have the opportunity to discover below:

Vaccine – there is a special vaccine recommended as a method of prevention for recurrent shingles. Studies have shown that it can prevent the varicella zoster virus from becoming re-activated in patients who are older (over 60 years of age). According to the results of the studies, the risk of a patient developing shingles after the administration of the vaccine has been reduced to 50%. Also, the same vaccine has been found to have reduced the risk of complications (meaning postherpetic neuralgia) with 66%. However, the vaccine is only approved for people who are over 60 years of age.

Even though corticosteroids are sometimes administered as a course of treatment, along antiviral medication, it has been found that prolonged usage can actually increase the risk of recurrence. The doctor will decide whether the benefits of the corticosteroid treatment are more than the risks presented.

Studies performed on patients suffering from recurrent shingles have proven that there might be a link between this condition and exposure to the sun. Even though these studies are not definite yet, it seems that prolonged and constant exposure to the sun might lead to the activation of the varicella zoster virus. In order to limit the exposure to the sun, patients are recommended to wear protective clothing and hats and also to use sunblock, especially during hot summer days.

Patients who have suffered from shingles are recommended to avoid stressful situations and to be physically active, as means of prevention. It seems that the stress might also be a triggering factor for the activation of the condition.

Recurrent Shingles Pictures

Here are some of the pictures of Recurrent Shingles….